一、按斗拱在建筑物上所處的部分可以分為兩大類。

1、外(wai)檐斗(dou)拱：主要(yao)包括五種。

A、柱(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)(tou)斗拱：直接座于柱(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)(tou)上。宋代叫(jiao)做“柱(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)(tou)鋪作”，清代稱“柱(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)(tou)科”。

B、柱(zhu)間(jian)斗拱(gong)：位(wei)于兩柱(zhu)之(zhi)間(jian)的額枋或平(ping)板枋上。宋代叫做“補間(jian)鋪作(zuo)”，清代稱“平(ping)身科”。

C、轉角(jiao)斗(dou)拱：位于角(jiao)柱(zhu)上。宋(song)代(dai)叫做“角(jiao)鋪(pu)作”，清代(dai)稱“角(jiao)科(ke)”。

D、溜金斗(dou)拱：在明清時期由帶下(xia)昂的平(ping)身科斗(dou)拱轉化而來。

E、平(ping)座斗拱(gong)：位(wei)于平(ping)座下面，用(yong)于支撐平(ping)座。

每一組斗拱，宋(song)代叫(jiao)做“一朵”，清代稱(cheng)“一攢”。

2、內檐斗(dou)拱(gong)：主要(yao)包括(kuo)品字科斗(dou)拱(gong)和隔架斗(dou)拱(gong)兩大類。

二、拱的分類及各部分名稱

1、按拱(gong)(gong)所處(chu)的結構位置可(ke)分為(wei)兩大類。現以外(wai)檐(yan)斗拱(gong)(gong)為(wei)例做(zuo)介紹。

A、正心(xin)拱(gong)(gong)：凡是位于(yu)檐柱(zhu)中(zhong)線(xian)上(shang)的拱(gong)(gong)，都叫“正心(xin)拱(gong)(gong)”。正心(xin)拱(gong)(gong)一面向外一面向里(li)。在拱(gong)(gong)的縱中(zhong)線(xian)上(shang)需加寬0.3－0.25斗(dou)口的槽口，用以安放拱(gong)(gong)墊(dian)板。所以正心(xin)拱(gong)(gong)的厚度(du)要比(bi)其它(ta)的拱(gong)(gong)多一個拱(gong)(gong)墊(dian)板的厚度(du)。

B、單(dan)(dan)材(cai)拱(gong)(gong)：凡不在(zai)(zai)檐柱(zhu)(zhu)中(zhong)心(xin)線上的(de)(de)拱(gong)(gong)都叫“單(dan)(dan)材(cai)拱(gong)(gong)”。在(zai)(zai)檐柱(zhu)(zhu)中(zhong)心(xin)線以外的(de)(de)單(dan)(dan)材(cai)拱(gong)(gong)又叫“外拽拱(gong)(gong)”；在(zai)(zai)檐柱(zhu)(zhu)中(zhong)心(xin)線以內的(de)(de)單(dan)(dan)材(cai)拱(gong)(gong)又叫“里(li)拽拱(gong)(gong)”。

2、按(an)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)長(chang)短尺(chi)寸(cun)可分為三類：瓜拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、萬(wan)(wan)(wan)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和廂(xiang)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。瓜拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)最(zui)短，廂(xiang)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)次之，萬(wan)(wan)(wan)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)最(zui)長(chang)。這是(shi)清代(dai)的(de)(de)規定。瓜拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和萬(wan)(wan)(wan)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)常相疊(die)并用，瓜拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在(zai)下，萬(wan)(wan)(wan)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在(zai)上(shang)(shang)，瓜拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)托著萬(wan)(wan)(wan)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。位(wei)于(yu)正(zheng)心(xin)(xin)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)位(wei)置上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)瓜拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)叫(jiao)(jiao)做“正(zheng)心(xin)(xin)瓜拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”（宋代(dai)稱泥道拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)）；位(wei)于(yu)正(zheng)心(xin)(xin)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)位(wei)置上(shang)(shang)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)叫(jiao)(jiao)做“正(zheng)心(xin)(xin)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”。位(wei)于(yu)單(dan)材(cai)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)位(wei)置上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)瓜拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和萬(wan)(wan)(wan)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，分別(bie)叫(jiao)(jiao)做“單(dan)材(cai)瓜拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”、“單(dan)材(cai)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”。又可以分為“外(wai)拽(zhuai)瓜拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”、“外(wai)拽(zhuai)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”和“里(li)(li)拽(zhuai)瓜拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”、“里(li)(li)拽(zhuai)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”。廂(xiang)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)總是(shi)安放在(zai)最(zui)上(shang)(shang)層翹或昂兩(liang)端，外(wai)拽(zhuai)廂(xiang)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)承托挑(tiao)檐枋(fang)，里(li)(li)拽(zhuai)廂(xiang)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)承托天花(hua)枋(fang)。在(zai)正(zheng)心(xin)(xin)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)位(wei)置不(bu)會出現(xian)廂(xiang)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，所以廂(xiang)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)沒(mei)有正(zheng)心(xin)(xin)和單(dan)材(cai)之別(bie)。瓜拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、萬(wan)(wan)(wan)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、廂(xiang)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是(shi)清代(dai)的(de)(de)名稱。在(zai)宋代(dai)瓜拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)稱“瓜子拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”，萬(wan)(wan)(wan)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)稱“慢拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”，廂(xiang)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)稱“令拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”。

3、拱的各部分名(ming)稱。

在拱(gong)的(de)中間部位有(you)與(yu)翹、昂或要(yao)頭相交的(de)卯口。拱(gong)的(de)兩端(duan)有(you)承托(tuo)升的(de)分位。在升與(yu)卯口之(zhi)間，拱(gong)向(xiang)下(xia)彎曲(qu)的(de)位置叫(jiao)做“拱(gong)眼(yan)”。拱(gong)的(de)兩端(duan)下(xia)面曲(qu)卷處叫(jiao)“彎拱(gong)”。彎拱(gong)的(de)曲(qu)度在清代(dai)《營造(zao)法(fa)式(shi)》里(li)有(you)“瓜四”、“萬(wan)三”、“廂五”的(de)規定，使拱(gong)彎分成幾小段直線，以(yi)便制(zhi)作。