斗(dou)拱(gong)在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)木(mu)構(gou)架(jia)建筑的(de)(de)發(fa)展過(guo)程中(zhong)起(qi)過(guo)重要作(zuo)用，它的(de)(de)演變可(ke)以看作(zuo)是中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)傳統(tong)木(mu)構(gou)架(jia)建筑形(xing)制演變的(de)(de)重要標(biao)志(zhi)，也是鑒別(bie)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古代(dai)木(mu)構(gou)架(jia)建筑年代(dai)的(de)(de)一個重要依據。下面廠家講解斗(dou)拱(gong)演變的(de)(de)三(san)個階段：

第一階段為西周至南北朝

西(xi)(xi)周銅器(qi)拱(gong)(gong)令簋上(shang)(shang)已有大斗(dou)的(de)(de)(de)形象(xiang)，戰(zhan)國中(zhong)山國墓(mu)出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)銅方案(an)上(shang)(shang)有斗(dou)和(he)(he)(he)45°斜置拱(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)形象(xiang)。漢(han)代的(de)(de)(de)石闕(que)、明器(qi)、畫像石和(he)(he)(he)畫像磚上(shang)(shang)也有大量斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)形象(xiang)。從漢(han)高頤(yi)闕(que)和(he)(he)(he)四川牧馬山、山東(dong)高唐(tang)出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)漢(han)明器(qi)陶樓上(shang)(shang)可以(yi)看出(chu)，柱(zhu)頂有斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)承托(tuo)檁(lin)、梁(liang)或(huo)樓層(ceng)地(di)面枋，挑梁(liang)外端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)承托(tuo)檐檁(lin)，各個斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)間(jian)互不相連。漢(han)代以(yi)后(hou)開始在柱(zhu)間(jian)用斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)，最(zui)初(chu)是一(yi)種在現(xian)代稱為人(ren)字(zi)拱(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)，廠家即在額枋上(shang)(shang)立一(yi)個叉(cha)手，上(shang)(shang)置一(yi)斗(dou)，承托(tuo)檐檁(lin)。至初(chu)唐(tang)，從西(xi)(xi)安慈恩寺塔(ta)門楣(mei)石刻《說法圖》上(shang)(shang)還可看到(dao)佛(fo)殿柱(zhu)間(jian)仍用人(ren)字(zi)拱(gong)(gong)。

第二階段為唐代至元代

這(zhe)個(ge)時期斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)主要特點在(zai)于(yu)柱頭斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)所承(cheng)托的(de)(de)(de)梁多插(cha)入斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)中,使斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)和梁架(jia)拉結在(zai)一(yi)(yi)起，順(shun)屋(wu)身左右橫出的(de)(de)(de)拱(gong)(gong)也(ye)和井干狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)柱頭方（即枋）交搭(da)在(zai)一(yi)(yi)起。建筑的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)圈柱頭枋和同(tong)它成(cheng)直(zhi)角的(de)(de)(de)正、側兩面的(de)(de)(de)梁交織成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)分(fen)(fen)為若干井字(zi)格的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)平框架(jia)，斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)成(cheng)為各(ge)交叉處的(de)(de)(de)加強節點。這(zhe)時斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)已不再是孤立的(de)(de)(de)支承(cheng)架(jia)或挑檐的(de)(de)(de)構(gou)件(jian)，而(er)是水(shui)平框架(jia)不可分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)部分(fen)(fen)。這(zhe)個(ge)水(shui)平框架(jia)現在(zai)稱為"鋪作層"，廠(chang)家用于(yu)殿堂型(xing)構(gou)架(jia)柱網之上，對保持木構(gou)架(jia)的(de)(de)(de)整體性起關鍵作用。現存唐代(dai)(dai)五臺山佛光寺(si)大(da)殿的(de)(de)(de)斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)，就是這(zhe)種做(zuo)法的(de)(de)(de)典(dian)型(xing)實例。宋《營(ying)造法式》中所載(zai)各(ge)種殿堂構(gou)架(jia)的(de)(de)(de)斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)與梁架(jia)結合,已不如(ru)唐代(dai)(dai)緊密,但仍類(lei)似。

第三階段為明代至清代

自(zi)(zi)明代開(kai)始，柱(zhu)頭(tou)間使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)大、小(xiao)額(e)枋(fang)和(he)(he)(he)隨梁枋(fang)，斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尺度不斷縮小(xiao)，間距加(jia)密。清式(shi)(shi)建筑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)梁不再像宋式(shi)(shi)那樣(yang)穿插在斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),而(er)是(shi)(shi)壓(ya)(ya)在斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)最(zui)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)跳之上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),直(zhi)接承(cheng)挑(tiao)檐(yan)(yan)桁。因此(ci)，斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)發(fa)展到明清以后(hou)便不再起維(wei)持構(gou)架整體性和(he)(he)(he)增(zeng)加(jia)出(chu)檐(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)料和(he)(he)(he)尺度比宋式(shi)(shi)大為縮小(xiao)，《營造法式(shi)(shi)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)每(mei)(mei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)組斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)稱(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)朵，在柱(zhu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)叫柱(zhu)頭(tou)鋪(pu)(pu)作(zuo)，角柱(zhu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)叫轉角鋪(pu)(pu)作(zuo)，二柱(zhu)之間闌額(e)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)叫補間鋪(pu)(pu)作(zuo)。每(mei)(mei)朵最(zui)下(xia)部有一(yi)(yi)(yi)托住整組斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大斗(dou)(dou)，稱(cheng)(cheng)櫨斗(dou)(dou)。櫨斗(dou)(dou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)在柱(zhu)列(lie)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)邊。櫨斗(dou)(dou)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)開(kai)十(shi)字口(kou)放前(qian)后(hou)和(he)(he)(he)左右兩向的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),前(qian)后(hou)向（內(nei)外）挑(tiao)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)(cheng)華(hua)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),左右向的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)(cheng)泥道(dao)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。華(hua)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)可挑(tiao)出(chu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)至(zhi)五層，每(mei)(mei)挑(tiao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)層稱(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)跳；挑(tiao)向室外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)(cheng)外跳，挑(tiao)向室內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)(cheng)里跳。廠家拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成正交(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)稱(cheng)(cheng)橫(heng)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，除(chu)泥道(dao)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)外，最(zui)外一(yi)(yi)(yi)跳華(hua)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頭(tou)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橫(heng)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)稱(cheng)(cheng)令(ling)(ling)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)以承(cheng)托外檐(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)檐(yan)(yan)方(fang)(fang)（即(ji)枋(fang)）和(he)(he)(he)承(cheng)托內(nei)檐(yan)(yan)天花的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)算拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)。在柱(zhu)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)泥道(dao)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)(he)外跳令(ling)(ling)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之間各跳跳頭(tou)（即(ji)華(hua)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頭(tou)）上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橫(heng)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),都稱(cheng)(cheng)瓜(gua)子拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。瓜(gua)子拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、泥道(dao)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)可直(zhi)接承(cheng)托方(fang)(fang)木(mu)，也可再加(jia)一(yi)(yi)(yi)層橫(heng)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，稱(cheng)(cheng)慢(man)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),瓜(gua)子拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、慢(man)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)木(mu)稱(cheng)(cheng)羅漢(han)方(fang)(fang);宋式(shi)(shi)斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)向外挑(tiao)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)構(gou)件(jian)除(chu)華(hua)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)外，還有斜置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)昂(ang)(ang)(ang)和(he)(he)(he)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)昂(ang)(ang)(ang)。下(xia)昂(ang)(ang)(ang)大體平(ping)行于屋面，昂(ang)(ang)(ang)尾壓(ya)(ya)在梁下(xia)或(huo)椽(chuan)(即(ji)檁)下(xia)。上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)昂(ang)(ang)(ang)自(zi)(zi)斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)向外上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)方(fang)(fang)斜出(chu)，以承(cheng)令(ling)(ling)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。下(xia)昂(ang)(ang)(ang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)在少(shao)增(zeng)加(jia)斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)高度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)下(xia)增(zeng)加(jia)挑(tiao)出(chu)長度；上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)昂(ang)(ang)(ang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)在少(shao)增(zeng)加(jia)挑(tiao)出(chu)長度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)下(xia)增(zeng)加(jia)斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)高度，二者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)正相反。各層拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)間用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)斗(dou)(dou)墊托、固定(ding)(ding),斗(dou)(dou)位于拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)、兩端或(huo)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)與昂(ang)(ang)(ang)等相交(jiao)處(chu)。華(hua)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頭(tou)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)斗(dou)(dou)叫交(jiao)互斗(dou)(dou)，在橫(heng)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)叫齊心(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)斗(dou)(dou)，兩端的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)叫散(san)斗(dou)(dou)。斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)以榫卯結(jie)合，出(chu)跳拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)昂(ang)(ang)(ang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)卯口(kou)開(kai)在下(xia)方(fang)(fang)受(shou)壓(ya)(ya)區(qu)，橫(heng)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)卯口(kou)開(kai)在上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)方(fang)(fang)。斗(dou)(dou)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠家拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)斗(dou)(dou)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)木(mu)銷釘與拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)結(jie)合，斜置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)昂(ang)(ang)(ang)則用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)昂(ang)(ang)(ang)栓穿透到下(xia)層的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)進(jin)行固定(ding)(ding)。